Requirements for entrance examination
BIOLOGY:
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE:
by Michael D.P.
Boyle (Editor), Kathryn Senior (Editor)
·
Paperback: 720 pages
·
Publisher: Collins Educational; 2nd edition (May 20, 2002)
·
ISBN-10: 0007136005
·
ISBN-13: 978-0007136001
or similar, more
recent Biology textbook by the same authors
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Individual and
species. General properties of organisms. Hierarchy of organisms according to
their complexity (viruses, prokaryotes, eukaryotes).
CELL
Chemical
constitution of a cell, importance of chemical compounds in cells. General
structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Cell division. Structure and
number of chromosomes. Mitosis and meiosis. Regulation of cell division.
VITAL FUNCTIONS AT THE
CELLULAR LEVEL
Cell metabolism -
enzymatic catalysis, regulation of enzymatic reactions. Input and output of
compounds by a cell - diffusion, transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, osmotic
processes.
Energy transformations in a cell - heterotrophy, autotrophy, mixotrophy.
Photosynthesis, anaerobic glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP metabolism.
Synthesis of nucleic acids, synthesis of polysaccharides, course and regulation
of proteosynthesis.
Cell reproduction. Course and regulation of cell cycle.
VITAL FUNCTIONS AT THE
LEVEL OF HIGHER ORGANISMS
Animals. Sexual
and asexual reproduction. Physiology of reproduction, functional principle of
ontogenetic development.
Individual development.
Vital functions of animals and human beings - phylogenesis of the body fluids,
of digestive events, of the circulation system, phylogenesis of respiration, of
excretion, hormonal regulation of invertebrates and vertebrates, phylogenesis of
the nervous system. Ways of movement of animals.
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF
SPECIES. Darwinian
evolution theory.
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF
ORGANISMS.
Evolution of animals.
GENETICS
Basic terms of
genetics. Genes of high and small effect.
Molecular basis of heredity. Nucleic acids, genetic information and genetic code.
Gene, its transfer and expression.
Cell and heredity. Gene arrangement in chromosomes, genetics of a prokaryotic
cell - prokaryotic chromosome, plasmids. Genetics of a eukaryotic cell - nuclear
genome, karyotype. Chromosomes - diploid and haploid number, segregation and
combination, sex determination. Extranuclear DNA molecules.
Heredity of a multicellular organism. Ways of reproduction, crossing, heredity
of quantitative traits. Inherited and non-inherited variability, heritability.
Genetic variability. Classification of mutations. Mutagenic factors in the
environment, importance of mutations.
Heredity in the population of organisms. Genetic structure of a population,
genetic equilibrium in a population and processes responsible for its
modifications, genetic aspects of ecology.
Importance of genetics. Breeding of microorganisms, plants and animals. Medical
importance and ethical aspects of genetics. Social perspectives of genetics.
HUMAN ORGANISM WITH
REGARD TO THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Locomotor system.
Skeleton of the human body. Skeletal muscles. Internal milieu - blood. Blood
cells. Haemostasis. Organism's defensive reactions. Blood groups. Transfusion.
Circulatory system. Function of heart, blood pressure, pulse, capillaries,
tissue fluid, blood circulation, vascular diseases, regulation of blood
circulation. Lymph and lymphatic circulation.
Respiratory system. Respiration mechanism, lung ventilation, exchange of
respiratory gases in lungs and in tissues, regulation of respiratory movements,
defensive respiratory reflexes, diseases of the respiratory tract.
Digestive system. Function of the oral cavity and oesophagus, function of
stomach, of small and large intestines. Transformation of compounds and energy,
metabolism of individual nutrients. Importance of the liver for metabolism.
Importance of nutrition, composition of food, vitamins. Hypoalimentation,
undernutrition, obesity.
Body temperature and its maintenance. Regulation of body temperature.
Excretion. Function of the kidney, urinary tract. Function of the skin.
REGULATION OF THE
FUNCTION OF HUMAN ORGANISM
Metabolic
regulation of an organism. Insulin, adrenal hormones, thyroid gland hormones,
parathyroids, pituitary.
Nervous regulation of an organism. Structure of human nervous system. Reflexes.
Function of sense organs.
Functions of the nervous system. Function of the spinal cord, hindbrain,
midbrain, reticular formation, diencephalon, cortex.
Regulated function of internal organs. Sleep and vigilance. Higher nervous
activity. Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.
Reproduction systems of woman and man.
Development of an individual. Intrauterine development, uterus, placenta,
pregnancy and mother's organism, care of pregnant women and mothers.
Human genetics. Methods, hereditary diseases and disposition, genetic
counselling.
Phases of the human life. Human health. Healthy nutrition, work and rest regime,
drug dependence.
Human parasitology - the main human parasites - protozoa, worms, mites, insecta.
ECOLOGY
Basic ecological terms. Relationship between
organism and environment.
Abiotic components of the environment. Sun, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere,
paedosphere.
Biotic components of the environment. Population, interrelations between
populations, communities.
Ecosystem. Changes of ecosystem. Biosphere.
Man and environment. Human population, present problems associated with the
environment - atmosphere, water pollution, pollution of soil. Chemicals in the
environment. Increased radioactivity. Noise. Increased amount of waste.
Influence of the environment of man, environmental protection.
Importance of biology for the present development of sciences and technology.
CHEMISTRY:
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE:
A-Level chemistry by E.N. Ramsden. Stanley Thornes 1994, ISBN
0-7487-1688-2
Biochemistry and food science by E.N. Ramsden. Stanley Thornes 1995, ISBN
0-7487-1806-0
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
The structure of the atom, elements, atoms and the periodic table; structure
and properties of ionic and covalent compounds; bonds in chemistry; fundamental
laws of chemistry, composition, chemical equation and stoichiometry; states of
matter - gases, liquids and solids; energy of chemical and biochemical processes,
thermochemistry; reaction rates and equilibria, Le Chatelier’s principle;
solutions; acids and bases, Brönsted-Lowry theory, hydrolysis; oxidation and
reduction;
BASIC CALCULATIONS IN CHEMISTRY
The concentration in mol dm-3 and in percentage by mass; calculations
based on chemical equations; stoichiometry involving gases; mass fractions;
empirical formulae; pH, pOH and concentrations of H+ and OH- of strong acids and
bases; balancing of oxidation-reduction reactions.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Nomenclature of inorganic compounds. Trends across the periodic table.
Hydrogen, water; s block metals and their compounds; p block elements and
their compounds; transition metals and their compounds.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Isomerism, functional groups, basic reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry,
organic nomenclature.
Nomenclature, properties and reactivity of: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic
hydrocarbons ; halogenoalkanes and halogenoarenes; alkohols, phenols and ethers;
aldehydes and ketones; amines; carboxylic acids and their derivatives -
halogenoacids, aminoacids, hydroxyacids; acid halogenides, esters, amides,
anhydrides; carbonic acid derivatives.
Simple five membered and six membered heterocycles.
BIOCHEMISTRY
Saccharides: structure - linear and cyclic formulae, monosaccharides,
disaccharides, polysaccharides, importance in biochemistry. Lipids:
classification, composition, properties, importance in biochemistry. Proteins:
basic amino acids (formulae), peptide bonds, composition and function of
proteins. Nucleic acids: composition, nucleosides, nucleotides, base pairing,
structure and function. Enzymes: characteristics, classification, digestive
enzymes. Basic metabolic pathway of saccharides, triacylglycerols and proteins.
Energy production.
PHYSICS:
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE:
Physics by Ken Dobson, David Grace, David Lovett, HarpersCollinsPublishers 2002, London, ISBN 000713598 X
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS
SI - basic units, complementary, derived. Formation of parts and multiples.
Conversions of units, determination of unit dimensions.
MECHANICS
Types of motions and their classification. Uniformly rectilinear motion.
Uniformly accelerated and decelerated motion. Uniform circle motion.
Newton's law of motion. Mass and weight of a body. Quantity of motion of a body.
Effect of force - work, impulse of force, moment of force with regard to the
axis, pressure, mechanical stress.
Energy and work. Power and efficiency.
Gravitational field, Newton's gravitational law.
Mechanics of liquids, the term "ideal liquid".
Pressure in the liquid induced by external force. Pascal's law and its
application. Hydrostatic pressure. Archimedes' law. Flow of liquids. Equation of
continuity and Bernouille´s equation.
MOLECULAR PHYSICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
Quantity of compounds.
Interactions inside molecules, intermolecular interactions.
Heat and temperature and their measurement.
Molecular properties of gases. Events in gases. Equation of state of an ideal
gas. Dalton's and Avogadro's laws.
Molecular properties of liquids. Surface tension and its biological importance.
Diffusion, osmosis. Viscosity of liquids and its importance.
Molecular properties of solids. Changes of state.
MECHANICAL WAVE MOTION AND ACOUSTICS
Harmonic motion.
Types of wave motion and their properties.
Sound properties with regard to sound source and propagation.
Sound pitch, timbre, intensity. Ear as a biological detector of sound. Sound
field. Intensity level and loudness level of sound.
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Electric charge and electric field. Classification of atmosphere from the
electrical point of view. Potential of electric field. Voltage.
Capacity, capacitor, arrangement of capacitors.
Metal conductivity. Electric current, simple circuit.
Operation and output of electric current.
Electric resistance. Ohm's law. Branched electric circuit.
Kirchhoff's laws. Assembly of resistors.
Semiconductors and their application.
Electric current in electrolytes. Faraday's law.
Electric current conduction in gases and in vacuum.
Magnetic field.
Alternating current. Electromagnetic induction.
Induction coil.
Transformers.
Electric oscillating circuit.
OPTICS
Electromagnetic spectrum - survey and properties.
Light as an electromagnetic wave motion.
Wave properties of light, interference, light polarization. Quantum properties
of light , photoelectric phenomenon.
Geometric optics, Fermat's principle. Reflection, refraction.
Picture formation by mirrors and lenses.
Optical instruments, magnifying glass, microscope. Eye as an optical system.
Eye as a biological detector of light. Eye defects. Photometric quantities and
their units.
X-ray radiation and its biological importance.
ATOMICS
Structure of atom, atom and its characteristics.
Electron shell.
Atomic nucleus. Natural and artificial radioactivity.
Nuclear reactions and their power utilization.
PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT METHODS
Balances and weighing. Density and its measurement. Temperature and
thermometers. Measurement of electrical quantities - current, voltage,
resistance.
Optical measurement - refractometry, polarimetry, photocolorimetry.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
- ability to perform simple numerical calculations related to solution of a
given problem (percentage, conversion of units, conversion of angles),
- knowledge of basic mathematical functions and their physical applications (linear,
quadratic, refracted, exponential, logarithmic, goniometric functions),
- knowledge of basic geometrical formulas,
- knowledge of basic physical constants.